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1 Both in what is now the eastern and the southwestern United States, the peoples of the Archaic era (8,000-1,000 B.C) were, in a way, already adapted to beginnings of cultivation through their intensive gathering and processing of wild plant foods. In both areas, there was a well-established ground stone tool technology, a method of pounding and grinding nuts and other plant foods, that could be adapted to newly cultivated foods. By the end of the Archaic era, people in eastern North America had domesticated certain native plants, including sunflowers; weeds called goosefoot, sumpweed, or marsh elder; and squash or gourds of some kind. These provided seeds that were important sources of carbohydrates and fat in the diet. The earliest cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of the Midwest and the Southeast, with experimentation beginning as early as 7,000 years ago and domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago. Although the term Neolithic is not used in North American prehistory, these were the first steps toward the same major subsistence changes that took place during the Neolithic (8,000-2,000 B.C.) period elsewhere in the world. Archaeologists debate the reasons for beginning cultivation in the eastern part of the continent. Although population and sedentary living were increasing at the time, there is little evidence that people lacked adequate wild food resources; the newly domesticated foods supplemented a continuing mixed subsistence of hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants, Increasing predictability of food supplies may have been a motive. It has been suggested that some early cultivation was for medicinal and ceremonial plants rather than for food. One archaeologist has pointed out that the early domesticated plants were all weedy species that do well in open, disturbed habitats, the kind that would form around human settlements where people cut down trees, trample the ground, deposit trash, and dig holes. It has been suggested that sunflower, sumpweed, and other plants almost domesticated themselves, that is, they thrived in human disturbed habitats, so humans intensively collected them and began to control their distribution. Women in the Archaic communities were probably the main experimenters with cultivation, because ethnoarchaeological evidence tells us that women were the main collectors of plant food and had detailed knowledge of plants. 10. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of the life of Archaic peoples? (A) The principal sources of food that made up their diet (B) Their development of ground stone tool technology (C) Their development of agriculture (D) Their distribution of work between men and women Kunci & Pembahasan: Kunci Jawaban: (C) Their development of agriculture Tipe soal: Main Idea Question Cara Jawab:: lihat kalimat pertama setiap paragraf. Temukan keyword (biasanya berulang-ulang atau berhubungan dari 1 paragraf ke paragraf lainnya) yang menjadi pembahasan utama. Paragraf 1: Both in what is now the eastern and the southwestern United States, the peoples of the Archaic era (8,000-1,000 B.C) were, in a way, already adapted to beginnings of cultivation through their intensive gathering and processing of wild plant foods. Paragraf 2: The earliest cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of the Midwest and the Southeast, with experimentation beginning as early as 7,000 years ago and domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago. Paragraf 3: Archaeologists debate the reasons for beginning cultivation in the eastern part of the continent. Dapat kita temukan bahwa 'cultivation' menjadi keyword dari paragraf-paragraf di atas. Pilihan jawaban C merupakan yang paling berhbungan dengan 'cultivation' yaitu agriculture.
2 11. The word these in line 13 refers to (A) seeds (B) river valleys (C) the Midwest and the Southeast (D) experimentation and domestication Kunci & Pembahasan: Kunci Jawaban: (D) experimentation and domestication Tipe Soal: Reference Question (Pertanyaan ini menginginkan Anda untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang diganti menjadi sebuah pronoun) Cara Jawab:: temukan noun yang terletak sebelum pronoun 'these'. --> The earliest cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of the Midwest and the Southeast, with experimentation beginning as early as 7,000 years ago and domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago. Although the term Neolithic is not used in North American prehistory, these were the first steps toward the same major subsistence changes that took place during the Neolithic (8,000-2,000 B.C.) period elsewhere in the world. Dapat kita identifikasi bahwa pilihan yang paling tepat ialah pilihan D. 12 According to the passage, when did the domestication of plants begin in North America? (A) 7,000 years ago (B) 4,000 to 2,000 years ago (C) Long after the Neolithic period (D) Before the Archaic period Kunci & Pembahasan: Kunci Jawaban: (B) 4,000 to 2,000 years ago Tipe Soal: Factual Question (Pertanyaan seperti ini menginginkan Anda untuk menemukan informasi spesifik yg ada dalam passage). Cara Jawab: Temukan kalimat yang berisi informasi spesifik sesuai yang dinyatakan pada pertanyaan. Keyword: domestication of plants begin --> The earliest cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of the Midwest and the Southeast, with experimentation beginning as early as 7,000 years ago and domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago. Jadi jawaban paling tepat ialah pilihan B. 13. The word adequate in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) sufficient (B) healthful (C) varied (D) dependable Kunci & Pembahasan: Kunci Jawaban: (A) sufficient Tipe Soal: Vocabulary-in-Context Question (Pertanyaan ini menginginkan Anda mengidentifikasi arti dari kata yang digunakan dalam passage) Cara Jawab: Sesuaikan makna jawaban dengan konteks kalimat. 'Adequate' merupakan sinonim dari 'sufficient'. 14. According to the passage, which of the following was a possible motive for the cultivation of plants in eastern North America? (A) Lack of enough wild food sources (B) The need to keep trees from growing close to settlements (C) Provision of work for an increasing population (D) Desire for the consistent availability of food
3 Kunci & Pembahasan: Kunci Jawaban: (D) Desire for the consistent availability of food Tipe Soal: Factual Question (Pertanyaan seperti ini menginginkan Anda untuk menemukan informasi spesifik yg ada dalam passage). Cara Jawab: Temukan kalimat yang berisi informasi spesifik sesuai yang dinyatakan pada pertanyaan. Keyword: motive --> there is little evidence that people lacked adequate wild food resources. (Pilihan A) --> Increasing predictability of food supplies may have been a motive. (Pilihan D) Bisa ditemukan bahwa pilihan A telah dibantah dalam passage (there is little evidence...). 15. The phrase rather than in line 21 is closest in meaning to (A) in addition to (B) instead of (C) as a replacement (D) such as Kunci & Pembahasan: Kunci Jawaban: (B) instead of Tipe Soal: Vocabulary-in-Context Question (Pertanyaan ini menginginkan Anda mengidentifikasi arti dari kata yang digunakan dalam passage) Cara Jawab: Sesuaikan makna jawaban dengan konteks kalimat. 'Rather than' merupakan sinonim dari 'instead of'. 16. The plant sumpweed is mentioned in line 25 in order to (A) contrast a plant with high nutritional value with one with little nutritional value (B) explain the medicinal use of a plant (C) clarify which plants grew better in places where trees were not cut down (D) provide an example of a plant that was easy to domesticate Kunci & Pembahasan: Kunci Jawaban: (D) provide an example of a plant that was easy to domesticate Tipe Soal: Factual Question (Pertanyaan seperti ini menginginkan Anda untuk menemukan informasi spesifik yg ada dalam passage). Cara Jawab: Temukan kalimat yang berisi informasi spesifik sesuai yang dinyatakan pada pertanyaan. Keyword: sumpweed --> By the end of the Archaic era, people in eastern North America had domesticated certain native plants, including sunflowers; weeds called goosefoot, sumpweed, or marsh elder; and squash or gourds of some kind. 'Including' menunjukkan sebuah contoh (example). Pilihan tepat ialah D. 17. The word thrived in line 26 is closest in meaning to (A) stayed (B) originated (C) grew well (D) died out Kunci & Pembahasan: Kunci Jawaban: (C) grew well Tipe Soal: Vocabulary-in-Context Question (Pertanyaan ini menginginkan Anda mengidentifikasi arti dari kata yang digunakan dalam passage)
4 Cara Jawab: Sesuaikan makna jawaban dengan konteks kalimat. 'Thrived' merupakan sinonim dari 'grew well'. 18. According to the passage, which of the following is true about all early domesticated plants? (A) They were varieties of weeds. (B) They were moved from disturbed areas. (C) They succeeded in areas with many trees. (D) They failed to grow in trampled or damaged areas. Kunci & Pembahasan: Kunci Jawaban: (A) They were varieties of weeds. Tipe Soal: Factual Question (Pertanyaan seperti ini menginginkan Anda untuk menemukan informasi spesifik yg ada dalam passage). Cara Jawab: Temukan kalimat yang berisi informasi spesifik sesuai yang dinyatakan pada pertanyaan. Keyword: early domesticated plants --> One archaeologist has pointed out that the early domesticated plants were all weedy species that do well in open, disturbed habitats, the kind that would form around human settlements where people cut down trees, trample the ground, deposit trash, and dig holes. 19. According to the passage, it is thought that most of the people who began cultivating plants were (A) medical workers (B) leaders of ceremonies (C) women (D) hunters Kunci & Pembahasan: Kunci Jawaban: (C) women Tipe Soal: Factual Question (Pertanyaan seperti ini menginginkan Anda untuk menemukan informasi spesifik yg ada dalam passage). Cara Jawab: Temukan kalimat yang berisi informasi spesifik sesuai yang dinyatakan pada pertanyaan. Keyword: people who began cultivating plants were --> Women in the Archaic communities were probably the main experimenters with cultivation, because ethnoarchaeological evidence tells us that women were the main collectors of plant food and had detailed knowledge of plants. 'experimenters with cultivation' mewakili makna 'began cultivating plants'. Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the others to follow. As a worker ant returns home after finding a source of food, it marks the route by intermittently touching its stinger to the ground and depositing a tiny amount of trail pheromone a mixture of chemicals that delivers diverse messages as the context changes. These trails incorporate no directional information and may be followed by other ants in either direction. Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has to be kept secret from members of other species. It is not surprising then that ant species use a wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. Ants can be extremely sensitive to these signals. Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta texana calculated that one milligram of this substance would suffice to lead a column of ants three times around Earth. The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way, and the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. A trail pheromone will
5 evaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is called a vapor space. In following the trail, the ant moves to the right and left, oscillating from side to side across the line of the trail itself, bringing first one and then the other antenna into the vapor space. As the ant moves to the right, its left antenna arrives in the vapor space. The signal it receives causes it to swing to the left, and the ant then pursues this new course until its right antenna reaches the vapor space. It then swings back to the right, and so weaves back and forth down the trail. 20. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The mass migration of ants (B) How ants mark and follow a chemical trail (C) Different species of ants around the world (D) The information contained in pheromones Kunci & Pembahasan: Kunci Jawaban: (B) How ants mark and follow a chemical trail Tipe Soal: Main Idea Question Cara Jawab: Cukup lihat baris pertama setiap paragraf Paragraf 1: Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the others to follow. Paragraf 2: Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has to be kept secret from members of other species. Paragaf 3: The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way, and the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. Cara termudah untuk tahu, tanpa berpikir panjang: Lihat keyword (kata yang terulang). Kita lihat terdapat 'ants' dan 'trail'. Dari pilihan jawaban sangat jelas pilihan jawaban yang paling sesuai (Pilihan B). 21. The word forage in line 1 is closest in meaning to (A) look up (B) walk toward (C) revolve around (D) search for food Kunci & Pembahasan: Kunci Jawaban: (D) search for food Tipe Soal: Vocabulary-in-Context Question (Pertanyaan ini menginginkan Anda mengidentifikasi arti dari kata yang digunakan dalam passage) Cara Jawab: Temukan sinonim dari kata yang dipertanyakan. Jika dalam pilihan jawaban terdapat lebih dari 1 sinonim, sesuaikan makna jawaban dengan konteks kalimat. forage: to go from place to place searching, especially for food Jadi, pilihan jawaban yg sesuai / sinonim ialah jawaban D. 22. The word intermittently in live 4 is closest in meaning to (A) periodically (B) incorrectly (C) rapidly (D) roughly Kunci & Pembahasan: Kunci Jawaban: (A) periodically Tipe Soal: Vocabulary-in-Context Question (Pertanyaan ini menginginkan Anda mengidentifikasi arti dari kata yang digunakan dalam passage) Cara Jawab: Temukan sinonim dari kata yang dipertanyakan. Jika dalam pilihan jawaban terdapat lebih dari 1 sinonim, sesuaikan makna jawaban dengan konteks kalimat.
6 intermittent: not happening regularly or continuously; stopping and starting repeatedly or with periods in between Jadi, pilihan jawaban yg sesuai / sinonim ialah jawaban A. 23. The phrase the one in line 8 refers to a single (A) message (B) dead ant (C) food trail (D) species Kunci & Pembahasan: 24. According to the passage, why do ants use different compounds as trail pheromones? (A) To reduce their sensitivity to some chemicals (B) To attract different types of ants (C) To protect their trail from other species (D) To indicate how far away the food is Kunci & Pembahasan: Kunci Jawaban: (C) To protect their trail from other species Tipe Soal: Factual Question (Pertanyaan seperti ini menginginkan Anda untuk menemukan informasi spesifik yg ada dalam passage). Cara Jawab: Temukan kalimat yang berisi informasi spesifik sesuai yang dinyatakan pada pertanyaan. Keyword: different compounds Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has to be kept secret from members of other species. It is not surprising then that ant species use a wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. (Paragraph 2) a wide variety = different (keyword) has to be kept secret from members of other specie = to protect their trail from other species (answer key) 25. The author mentions the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant in line 11 to point out (A) how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail (B) the different types of pheromones ants can produce (C) a type of ant that is common in many parts of the world (D) that certain ants can produce up to one milligram of pheromone Kunci & Pembahasan: Kunci Jawaban: (A) how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail Tipe Soal: Factual Question (Pertanyaan seperti ini menginginkan Anda untuk menemukan informasi spesifik yg ada dalam passage). Cara Jawab: Temukan kalimat yang berisi informasi spesifik sesuai yang dinyatakan pada pertanyaan. Keyword: the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta texana calculated that one milligram of this substance would suffice to lead a column of ants three times around Earth. (line 11-13) one milligram of this substance = how little pheromone would suffice to lead a column of ants = is needed to mark a trail 26. According to the passage, how are ants guided by trail pheromones? (A) They concentrate on the smell of food. (B) They follow an ant who is familiar with the trail (C) They avoid the vapor spaces by moving in a straight line. (D) They sense the vapor through their antennae. Kunci & Pembahasan:
7 Kunci Jawaban: (D) They sense the vapor through their antennae. Tipe Soal: Factual Question (Pertanyaan seperti ini menginginkan Anda untuk menemukan informasi spesifik yg ada dalam passage). Cara Jawab: Temukan kalimat yang berisi informasi spesifik sesuai yang dinyatakan pada pertanyaan. Keyword: guided The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way, and the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. (line 14-15) the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antenna = They sense the vapor through their antennae. 27. The word furnish in line 16 is closest in meaning to (A) include (B) provide (C) cover (D) select Kunci & Pembahasan: Kunci Jawaban: (B) provide Tipe Soal: Vocabulary-in-Context Question (Pertanyaan ini menginginkan Anda mengidentifikasi arti dari kata yang digunakan dalam passage) Cara Jawab: Temukan sinonim dari kata yang dipertanyakan. Jika dalam pilihan jawaban terdapat lebih dari 1 sinonim, sesuaikan makna jawaban dengan konteks kalimat. furnish: to provide with furniture; to put furniture in Sangat jelas, jawabannya ialah B (provide). 28. The word oscillating in line 17 is closest in meaning to (A) falling (B) depositing (C) swinging (D) starting Kunci & Pembahasan: Kunci Jawaban: (C) swinging Tipe Soal: Vocabulary-in-Context Question (Pertanyaan ini menginginkan Anda mengidentifikasi arti dari kata yang digunakan dalam passage) Cara Jawab: Temukan sinonim dari kata yang dipertanyakan. Jika dalam pilihan jawaban terdapat lebih dari 1 sinonim, sesuaikan makna jawaban dengan konteks kalimat. oscillating: to move repeatedly from one position to another swing: to move easily and without interruption backwards and forwards or from one side to the other, especially from a fixed point, or to cause something or someone to do this 29. According to the passage, the highest amount of pheromone vapor is found (A) in the receptors of the ants (B) just above the trail (C) in the source of food (D) under the soil along the trail Kunci & Pembahasan: Kunci Jawaban: (B) just above the trail Tipe Soal: Factual Question (Pertanyaan seperti ini menginginkan Anda untuk menemukan informasi spesifik yg ada dalam passage). Cara Jawab: Temukan kalimat yang berisi informasi spesifik sesuai yang dinyatakan pada pertanyaan. Keyword: highest amount
8 A trail pheromone will evaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is called a vapor space. (line the highest amount = the highest concentration (keyword) over the trail = just above the trail (kunci jawaban) The Quakers, also called the Society of Friends, are a Christian group that arose in the mid-17th century in England and the American colonies. Quakerism came into being in England on or around 1652, when George Fox began to organize converts to preach his doctrine of 'God in every man'. The Friends were silent at their meetings, waiting for the 'inward light'. They believed people should sense God inside of themselves, without church buildings, appointed preachers, written liturgy, or many of the outward trappings associated with Christianity. The Society of Friends is part of the left wing of the 17th -century English Puritan movement; in America, Quakers were persecuted by Puritans. Quakers experienced much official persecuted by Puritans. Quakers experienced much official persecution, including imprisonment and execution, for their belief that worship of God should be very personal. The term 'Quaker' may refer to their penchant for 'quaking' during religious services, or it may be a derogatory reference to supposed Quaker cowardliness and belief in pacifism. Quakerism in the American colonies existed mainly in the northeast. The American Quaker population surged after 1682 when Quaker William Penn founded the state of Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers and a 'holy experiment' in religious toleration. Quakers were prominent and powerful in the Pennsylvania state government in the period before the American Revolution. During and after the Revolution, Friends concerned themselves with the plight of Native Americans. They also worked with escaped slaves and for the abolition of slavery. They continued to be known for their efforts at social reform. 13. In which of the following publications would this passage be most likely to appear? (A) an anthology of English literature (B) an introductory American history book (C) a book about Eastern religions (D) a basic math textbook Pembahasan Jawaban: Cara menjawab soal seperti ini (menanyakn topik bacaan) ialah cukup dengan membaca kalimat pertama setiap paragraf. Kadang juga kalimat terakhir dari paragraf pertama dan kalimat pertama untuk paragraf selanjutnya. 14. The word 'their' in line 4 refers to: (A) trappings (B) preachers (C) religious services (D) the Friends Pembahasan Jawaban: Soal ini terkait 'pronoun referent' yang menanyakan ke noun yang mana sebuah pronoun (kata ganti) menunjuk. Untuk menjawab soal seperti ini, Anda mesti melihat kata-kata sebelum 'their' yang berbentuk jamak. --> The Friends were silent at their meetings, waiting for the 'inward light'. Nampak bahwa hanya kata 'the friends' yang terletak sebelum 'their' sementara pilihan lain terletak setelahnya. 15. The word 'persecuted' in line 10 in closest in meaning to: (A) scrutinized
9 (B) lauded (C) harassed (D) believed Pembahasan Jawaban: scrutinized --> to examine something very carefully in order to discover information laud --> to praise harass --> to continue to annoy or upset someone over a period of time prosecute --> to treat someone unfairly or cruelly over a long period of time because of their race, religion, or political beliefs or to annoy someone by refusing to leave them alone Dari bebarapa pengertian di atas kata yang paling sesuai dg makna 'persecuted' ialah 'harassed'. 16. Where in the passage does the author give an example of Quaker involvement in social issues? (A) lines 3-4 (B) lines 9-10 (C) lines (D) lines Pembahasan Jawaban: -> During and after the Revolution, Friends concerned themselves with the plight of Native Americans. (lines 16-17) Pertanyaan ini meminta Anda untuk menentukan di mana (baris ke berapa) suatu informasi ditemukan atau dibahas. Cara menjawab soal yg seperti ini ialah memahami terlebih dahulu ide pokok yang ada dipertanyaan. Kemudian eliminasilah jawaban satu persatu. Metode yang baik digunakan ialah 'skimming'. Temukan 'keyword' pada pertanyaan dan carilah pada setiap baris (sesua dg pilihan jawaban). 17. Which of the following would be an example of 'the outward trappings associated with Christianity' referred to in lines 6-7? (A) clergy (B) silent, leaderless worship (C) concern for social reform (D) the doctrine of 'God in every man' Pembahasan Jawaban: Soal ini sedikit mudah untuk ditemukan pada text (bacaan) karena keywordnya 'the outward trappings associated with Christianity' pada pertanyaan 100% ditemukan pada bacaan. --> They believed people should sense God inside of themselves, without church buildings, appointed preachers, written liturgy, or many of the outward trappings associated with Christianity. church buildings, preachers, liturgy berhubungan dengan clergy. 18. It can be inferred from the passage that early Quakers experienced official persecution because: (A) they were known for 'quaking' during religious services (B) they helped found the state of Pennsylvania (C) they came to America from England (D) their religious beliefs were considered subversive Pembahasan Jawaban: Keyword pada pertanyaan ialah 'persecution'. dari teks bacaan dapat ditemukan kalimat yg memuatnya. --> 'Quakers experienced much official persecution, including imprisonment and execution, for their belief that worship of God should be very personal. ' 19. Why does the author mention 'execution' in line 11? (A) It is an example of the persecution Quakers faced (B) It is an outward trapping of Christianity
10 (C) This serves as an example of William Penn's policies (D) Many religions were concerned with this issue Pembahasan Jawaban: --> Quakers experienced much official persecution, including imprisonment and execution, for their belief that worship of God should be very personal. including = termasuk 20. The paragraph after this passage would most likely be about: (A) the decline of the Quaker population since World War I (B) The similarities and differences between Quakers and Puritans (C) Ways in which Quakers today show concern for others (D) Social reforms enacted by Quakers during American Revolution Pembahasan Jawaban: Soal ini menanyakan topik apa yang akan menjadi pembahasan pada paragraf selanjutnya. Anda mesti menarik kesimpulan secara tersirat (not directly stated). Cara menjawab soal ini ialah dengan melihat bagian akhir dari kalimat akhir pada paragraf terakhir. --> They continued to be known for their efforts at social reform. sesuai dengan 'Ways in which Quakers today show concern for others' 21. From the passage, it can be inferred that the Puritans were: (A) Friends (B) persecuted (C) intolerant (D) executed Pembahasan Jawaban: Keyword dari pertanyaan ialah 'Puritants' --> Quakers were persecuted by Puritans. Quakers experienced much official persecuted by Puritans. Dari kalimat dari baccan yang memuat 'Puritants' tampak bahwa 'Puritants' tidak punya toleransi yg baik (intolerant). 22. The word 'penchant' in the line 12 most nearly means: (A) appreciation (B) propensity (C) disinclination (D) proposition Pembahasan Jawaban: penchant --> a liking for, an enjoyment of, or a habit of doing something, especially something that other people might not like propensity --> a tendency towards a particular way of behaving, especially a bad one disinclination --> a feeling of not wanting to do something 23. Why did the American Quaker population surge after William Penn founded Pennsylvania? (A) Pennsylvania tolerated the Quaker religion (B) Pennsylvania forbade religions other than Quakerism (C) The Pennsylvania government tried to help escaped slaves (D) Social reform was important to most Americans Pembahasan Jawaban: Keyword dari pertanyaan ialah 'Quaker population surge' --> The American Quaker population surged after 1682 when Quaker William Penn founded the state of Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers and a 'holy experiment' in religious toleration. Europe is the smallest of planet Jupiter's four largest moons and the second moon out from Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic. Then came the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and within days,
11 Europe was transformed--in our perception, at least--into one of the solar system's most intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the almost total lack of detail, especially from far away. Even at close range, the only visible features are thin, kinked brown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell. And this analogy is not far off the mark. The surface of Europe is almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence of craters indicates that Europe's surface ice resembles Earth's Antarctic ice cap. The eggshell analogy may be quite accurate since the ice could be as little as a few kilometers thick--a tree shell around what is likely a subsurface liquid ocean that, in turn, encases a rocky core. The interior of Europe has been kept warm over the cons by tidal forces generated by the varying gravitational tugs of the other big moons as they wheel around Jupiter. The tides on Europe pull and relax in an endless cycle. The resulting internal heat keeps what would otherwise be ice melted almost to the surface. The cracklike marks on Europe's icy face appear to be fractures where water or slush oozes from below. Soon after Voyager 2's encounter with Jupiter in 1979, when the best images of Europe were obtained, researchers advanced the startling idea that Europe's subsurface ocean might harbor life. Life processes could have begun when Jupiter was releasing a vast store of internal heat. Jupiter's early heat was produced by the compression of the material forming the giant planet. Just as the Sun is far less radiant today than the primal Sun, so the internal heat generated by Jupiter is minor compared to its former intensity. During this warm phase, some 4.6 billion years ago, Europe's ocean may have been liquid right to the surface, making it a crucible for life. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The effect of the tides on Europe's interior (B) Temperature variations on Jupiter's moons (C) Discoveries leading to a theory about one of Jupiter's moons (D) Techniques used by Voyager 2 to obtain close-up images Pembahasan Jawaban Skill: Main Idea Question (Pertanyaan Ide Pokok) Cara menjawab ide pokok ialah dengan melihat kalimat pertama setiap paragraf. 2. The word 'intriguing' in line 5 is closest in meaning to (A) changing (B) perfect (C) visible (D) fascinating Pembahasan Jawaban Skill: Vocabulary Question (Pertanyaan tentang pemahaman kosakata) Cara menjawab soal kosakata ialah dengan menyesuaikan konteks makna kalimat dari kosakata yang ditanyakan. 3. In line 7, the author mentions 'cracks in an eggshell' in order to help readers (A) visualize Europe as scientists saw it in the Voyager 2 images (B) appreciate the extensive and detailed information available by viewing Europe from far away (C) understand the relationship of Europe to the solar system (D) recognize the similarity of Europe to Jupiter's other moons Pembahasan Jawaban Cara menjawab soal seperti ini ialah dengan memahami kalimat di mana phrase tersebut dan kalimat-kalimat sebelumnya. Then came the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and within days, Europe was transformed--in our perception, at least--into one of the solar system's most intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the almost total lack of detail, especially from far away. Even at close range, the only visible features are thin, kinked brown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell. 4. It can be inferred from the passage that astronomy textbooks prior to 1979
12 (A) provided many contradictory statistics about Europe (B) considered Europe the most important of Jupiter's moons (C) did not emphasize Europe because little information of interest was available (D) did not mention Europe because it had not yet been discovered Pembahasan Jawaban: Jawaban terdapat pada sebagian besar paragraf pertama. Europe is the smallest of planet Jupiter's four largest moons and the second moon out from Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic. Then came the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and within days, Europe was transformed--in our perception, at least--into one of the solar system's most intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the almost total lack of detail, especially from far away. 5. What does the author mean by stating in line 7 that 'this analogy is not far off the mark'? (A) The definition is not precise. (B) The discussion lacks necessary information. (C) The differences are probably significant. (D) The comparison is quite appropriate. Pembahasan Jawaban: Pahami kalimat dari phrase dan kalimat-kalimat sebelumnya. Even at close range, the only visible features are thin, kinked brown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell. And this analogy is not far off the mark. 6. It can be inferred from the passage that Europe and Antarctica have in common which of the following? (A) Both appear to have a surface with many craters. (B) Both may have water beneath a thin, hard surface. (C) Both have an ice cap that is melting rapidly. (D) Both have areas encased by a rocky exterior. Pembahasan Jawaban: complete absence (betul-betul tidak ada) The surface of Europe is almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence of craters indicates that Europe's surface ice resembles Earth's Antarctic ice cap. 7. The word 'endless' in line 14 is closest in meaning to (A) new (B) final (C) temporary (D) continuous Pembahasan Jawaban: endless (tak berujung) = continuous (berkelanjutan) 8. According to the passage, what is the effect of Jupiter's other large moons on Europe? (A) They prevent Europe's subsurface waters from freezing. (B) They prevent tides that could damage Europe's surface. (C) They produce the very hard layer of ice that characterizes Europe. (D) They assure that the gravitational pull on Europe is maintained at a steady level. Pembahasan Jawaban: Jawaban terdapat pada kalimat Jupiter's early heat was produced by the compression of the material forming the giant planet. 9 According to the passage, what is believed to cause the thin lines seen on Europa s surface? (A) A long period of extremely high tides (B) Water breaking through from beneath the surface ice (C) The continuous pressure of slush on top of the ice (D) Heat generated by the hot rocky core Next to its sheer size, the profound isolation of its many small islands is the most distinctive feature of the Pacific Ocean. Over 25,000 islands are scattered across the surface of the Pacific, more than in all the other oceans combined, but their land area adds up to little more than 125,000 square kilometers, about the size of New York State,
13 and their inhabitants total less than two million people, about a quarter of the number that live in New York City. The oceanic islands of the Pacific are some of the most isolated places on Earth. Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular characteristics, but even the most favored are very isolated fragments of land, strictly circumscribed by the ocean, strictly limited in terms of the numbers of people they can support. This basic fact of environmental circumstance has been the most pervasive influence in determining the social arrangements, and cultural practices of the people that settled in the Pacific Islands. The peopling of the Pacific Islands has been described as the greatest feat of maritime colonization in human history. Contrary to the conclusions of Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki expedition of 1946, the evidence of plant dispersal, archaeology, linguistics, and genetics now shows quite conclusively that the Pacific Islands were not populated from tile east by South Americans who drifted on balsa-wood rafts and the prevailing wind and current, but from the west, by groups from mainland Asia who gradually spread from island to island out into the Pacific. The process began over 40,000 years ago and reached Easter Island the most isolated place on Earth-about years ago. It ended about 1,000 years ago, when people first settled in Hawaii and New Zealand. Simply surviving those ocean crossings of indeterminate length, in open canoes, to arrive on the shores of uninhabited and hitherto unknown islands, was a formidable achievement. But having found an oasis of land in a watery wilderness, crossed its reef, and landed, on its shores, the survivors then faced a series of pressing problems for which solutions had to be found quickly if the small group was to become a vigorous, selfsustaining island population. 32. The word 'scattered' in line 2 is closest in meaning tod (A) widely known (B) usually estimated (C) rarely inhabited (D) irregularly distributed 33. Why does the author mention New population of the Pacific York City in line 5? (A) To emphasize how small the Islands is (B) To emphasize the extreme distances between the Pacific Islands and other regions (C) To note the economic ties of the Pacific Islands to other regions (D) To note the lack of urban environments on the Pacific Islands 34.The phrase 'by virtue of' in line 6 is closest in meaning to (A) regarding (B) because of (C) taking advantage of (D) in place of 35. The word 'circumscribed' in line 7 is closest in meaning to (A) located (B) flooded (C) restricted (D) pushed 36. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as evidence used to determine the origins of Pacific Islands people? (A) Oral histories (B) Plant dispersal (C) Linguistics (D) Archaeology 37. According to the-passage, where did the original inhabitants of the Pacific Islands come from?
14 (A) South America (B) Hawaii (C) New Zealand (D) Asia 38.The word 'It in line 16 refers to (A) Pacific (B) process (C) isolated place (D) Earth 39. The word 'indeterminate' in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) undecided (B) uncertain (C) unacceptable (D) increasing 40. The passage is most likely followed by a discussion of (A) how settlers adapted to newly discovered Pacific Ocean Islands (B) the design and construction of canoes used in the Pacific Islands (C) the characteristics sties of reefs in the Pacific Islands (D) how early explorers of the Pacific Ocean found their way from island to island The languages spoken by early Europeans are still shrouded in mystery. There is no linguistic continuity between the languages of Old Europe (a term sometimes used for Europe between 7000 and 3000 B.C.) and the languages of the modem world, and we cannot yet translate the Old European script, Scholars have deciphered other ancient languages, such as Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian, which used the cuneiform script, because of the fortuitous discovery of bilingual inscriptions, When cuneiform tablets were first discovered in the eighteenth century, scholars could not decipher them. Then inscriptions found in baa at the end of the eighteenth century provided a link: these inscriptions were written in cuneiform and in two other ancient languages, Old Persian and New Elamite--languages that had already been deciphered. It took several decades, but scholars eventually translated the ancient cuneiform script via the more familiar Old Persian language. Similarly, the hieroglyphic writing of the Egyptians remained a mystery until French troops unearthed the famous Rosetta stone in the late eighteenth century. The stone carried the same message written in ancient Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Egyptian hieratic, a simplified form of hieroglyphs. The Rosetta stone thwarted scholars' efforts for several decades until the early nineteenth century when several key hieroglyphic phrases were decoded using the Greek inscriptions. Unfortunately, we have no Old European Rosetta stone to chart correspondences between Old European script and the languages that replaced it. Tim incursions of Indo-European tribes into Old Europe from the late fifth to the early third millennia B.C. caused a linguistic and cultural discontinuity. These incursions disrupted the Old European sedentary farming lifestyle that had existed for 3,000 years As the Indo-Europeans encroached on Old Europe from the east, the continent underwent upheavals. These severely affected the Balkans, where the Old European cultures abundantly employed script. The Old European way of life deteriorated rapidly, although pockets of Old European culture remained for several millennia, ~ new peoples spoke completely different languages belonging to the Indo-European linguistic family. The Old European language or languages, and the script used to write them, declined and eventually vanished. 22. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Reasons for the failure to understand the written records of Old European culture
15 (B) Influences on the development of Old European script (C) Similarities between Old European script and other ancient writing systems (D) Events leading to the discovery of Old European script 23. According to the passage, New Elamite is (A) a language that was written in the cuneiform script (B) a modem language that came from Old Persian (C) one of the languages spoken by the Old Europeans (D) a language that was understood by the late eighteenth century 24. According to the passage, scholarswere able to decipher cuneiform script with the help of (A) the Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian languages (B) Old Persian (C) tablets written in Old European (D) a language spoken in eighteenth century Iran 25. The word fortuitous in line 5 is closet in meaning to (A) important (B) sudden (C) early (D) lucky 26. The word 'them' in line 6 refers to (A) Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian (B) bilingual inscriptions (C) cuneiform tablets (D) scholars 27. When does the passage suggest that ancient Egyptian hieroglypttic script was finally deciphered? (A) At around the same time as cuneiform script was deciphered (B) Shortly before the Rosetta stone was unearthed (C) As soon as additional bilingual inscriptions became available to scholars (D) A few decades after the hieratic script was decoded 28. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the Rosetta stone? (A) It was found by scholars trying to decode ancient languages. (B) It contains two versions of hieroglyphic script. (C) Several of its inscriptions were decoded within a few months of its discovery. (D) Most of its inscriptions have still not been decoded. 29. The word 'thwarted' in line 14 is closest in meaning to (A) continued (B) influenced (C) encouraged (D) frustrated 30. According to the passage, Indo-European incursions caused Old European populations to (A) separate into different tribes (B) move eastward (C) change their ways of living obtaining food (D) start recording historical events in Writing 31. The author mentions the Balkans in the passage in order to explain why (A) Indo-European languages were slow to spread in Old Europe (B) the inhabitants of Old Europe were not able to prevent Indo-European incursions
16 (C) the use of the Old European script declined (D) the Old European culture survived for a time after the Indo-European incursions The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitions used by the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census officially distinguished the nation's urban from its rural population for the first time. Urban population was defined as persons living in towns of 8,000 inhabitants or more. But after 1900 it meant persons living in incorporated places having 2,500 or more inhabitants. Then, in 1950 the Census Bureau radically changed its definition of urban to take account of the new vagueness of city boundaries. In addition to persons living in incorporated units of 2,500 or more, the census now included those who lived in unincorporated units of that size, and also all persons living in the densely settled urban fringe, including both incorporated and unincorporated areas located around cities of 50,000 inhabitants or more. Each such unit, conceived as an integrated economic and social unit with a large population nucleus, was named a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA). Each SMSA would contain at least (a) one central city with 50,000 inhabitants or more or (b) two cities having shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and social purposes, a single community with a combined population of at least 50,000, the smaller of which must have a population of at least 15,000. Such an area included the county in which the central city is located, and adjacent counties that are found to be metropolitan in character and economically and socially integrated with the county of the central city. By 1970, about two-thirds of the population of the United States was living in these urbanized areas, and of that figure more than half were living outside the central cities. While the Census Bureau and the United States government used the term SMSA (by 1969 there were 233 of them), social scientists were also using new terms to describe the elusive, vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used to be simple towns and cities. A host of terms came into use : metropolitan regions, polynucleated population groups, conurbations, metropolitan clusters, megalopolises, and so on. 39. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) How cities in the United States began and developed (B) Solutions to overcrowding in cities (C) The changing definition of an urban area (D) How the United States Census Bureau conducts a census 40. According to the passage, the population of the United States was first classified as rural or urban in (A) 1870 (B) 1900 (C) 1950 (D) The word distinguished in line 3 is closest in meaning to (A) differentiated (B) removed (C) honored (D) protected 42. Prior to 1900, how many inhabitants would a town have to have before being defined as urban? (A) 2,500 (B) 8,000 (C) 15,000
17 (D) 50, According to the passage, why did the Census Bureau revise the definition of urban in 1950? (A) City borders had become less distinct. (B) Cities had undergone radical social change. (C) Elected officials could not agree on an acceptable definition. (D) New businesses had relocated to larger cities. 44. The word those in line 9 refers to (A) boundaries (B) persons (C) units (D) areas 45. The word constituting in line 16 is closest in meaning to (A) located near (B) determined by (C) calling for (D) making up 46. The word which in line 18 refers to a smaller (A) population (B) city (C) character (D) figure 47. Which of the following is NOT true of an SMSA? (A) It has a population of at least 50,000 (B) It can include a city's outlying regions. (C) It can include unincorporated regions. (D) It consists of at least two cities. 48. By 1970, what proportion of the population in the United States did NOT live in an SMSA? (A) 3/4 (B) 2/3 (C) 1/2 (D) 1/3 49. The Census Bureau first used the term SMSA in (A) 1900 (B) 1950 (C) 1969 (D) Where in the passage does the author mention names used by social scientists for an urban area? (A) Lines 4-5 (B) Line 7-8 (C) Line (D) Line The ability of falling cats to right themselves in midair and land on their feet has been a source of wonder for ages. Biologists long regarded it as an example of adaptation by natural selection, but for physicists it bordered on the miraculous. Newton's laws of motion assume that the total amount of spin of a body cannot change unless an external torque speeds it up or slows it down. If a cat has no spin when it is released and
18 experiences no external torque, it ought not to be able to twist around as it falls. In the speed of its execution, the righting of a tumbling cat resembles a magician's trick. The gyrations of the cat in midair are too fast for the human eye to follow, so the process is obscured. Either the eye must be speeded up, or the cat's fall slowed down for the phenomenon to be observed. A century ago the former was accomplished by means of high-speed photography using equipment now available in any pharmacy. But in the nineteenth century the capture on film of a falling cat constituted a scientific experiment. The experiment was described in a paper presented to the Paris Academy in Two sequences of twenty photographs each, one from the side and one from behind, show a white cat in the act of righting itself. Grainy and quaint though they are, the photos show that the cat was dropped upside down, with no initial spin, and still landed on its feet. Careful analysis of the photos reveals the secret ; As the cat rotates the front of its body clockwise, the rear and tail twist counterclockwise, so that the total spin remains zero, in perfect accord with Newton's laws. Halfway down, the cat pulls in its legs before reversing its twist and then extends them again, with the desired end result. The explanation was that while no body can acquire spin without torque, a flexible one can readily change its orientation, or phase. Cats know this instinctively, but scientists could not be sure how it happened until they increased the speed of their perceptions a thousandfold. 31. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The explanation of an interesting phenomenon (B) Miracles in modern science (C) Procedures in scientific investigation (D) The differences between biology and physics 32. The word process in line 10 refers to (A) the righting of a tumbling cat (B) the cat's fall slowed down (C) high-speed photography (D) a scientific experiment 33. Why are the photographs mentioned in line 16 referred to as an experiment? (A) The photographs were not very clear. (B) The purpose of the photographs was to explain the process. (C) The photographer used inferior equipment. (D) The photographer thought the cat might be injured. 34. Which of the following can be inferred about high-speed photography in the late 1800's? (A) It was a relatively new technology. (B) The necessary equipment was easy to obtain. (C) The resulting photographs are difficult to interpret. (D) It was not fast enough to provide new information. 35. The word rotates in line 19 is closest in meaning to (A) drops (B) turns (C) controls (D) touches 36. According to the passage, a cat is able to right itself in midair because it is (A) frightened (B) small (C) intelligent (D) flexible
19 37. The word readily in line 24 is closest in meaning to (A) only (B) easily (C) slowly (D) certainly 38. How did scientists increase the speed of their perceptions a thousandfold (lines 25-26)? (A) By analyzing photographs (B) By observing a white cat in a dark room (C) By dropping a cat from a greater height (D) By studying Newton's laws of motion Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in season. Drying, smoking, and salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the availability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited; there was no way to prevent spoilage. But in 1810 a French inventor named Nicolas Appert developed the cooking-and-sealing process of canning. And in the 1850's an American named Gail Borden developed a means of condensing and preserving milk. Canned goods and condensed milk became more common during the 1860's, but supplies remained low because cans had to be made by hand. By 1880, however, inventors had fashioned stamping and soldering machines that mass-produced cans from tinplate. Suddenly all kinds of food could be preserved and bought at all times of the year. Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible for Americans to vary their daily diets. Growing urban populations created demand that encouraged fruit and vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroad refrigerator cars enabled growers and meat packers to ship perishables great distances and to preserve them for longer periods. Thus, by the 1890's, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes, previously available for a month at most, for up to six months of the year. In addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to store perishables. An easy means of producing ice commercially had been invented in the 1870's, and by 1900 the nation had more than two thousand commercial ice plants, most of which made home deliveries. The icebox became a fixture in most homes and remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's. Almost everyone now had a more diversified diet. Some people continued to eat mainly foods that were heavy in starches or carbohydrates, and not everyone could afford meat. Nevertheless, many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare. 20. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Causes of food spoilage (B) Commercial production of ice (C) Inventions that led to changes in the American diet (D) Population movements in the nineteenth century 21. The phrase in season in line 2 refers to (A) a kind of weather (B) a particular time of year (C) an official schedule (D) a method of flavoring food 22. The word prevent in line 4 is closest in meaning to (A) estimate (B) avoid (C) correct (D) confine
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